{"id":86,"date":"2026-04-22T23:01:14","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T15:01:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bojinhu.xyz\/?p=86"},"modified":"2026-04-22T12:18:31","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T04:18:31","slug":"linux-%e7%94%a8%e6%88%b7%e4%b8%8e%e7%bb%84%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bojinhu.xyz\/index.php\/2026\/04\/22\/linux-%e7%94%a8%e6%88%b7%e4%b8%8e%e7%bb%84%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux \u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ba1\u7406\u7b14\u8bb0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u6700\u8fd1\u7ec4\u91cc\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u91cd\u88c5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4eceCentOS7\u91cd\u88c5\u4e3a\u4e86Ubuntu22.04LTS\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u539f\u5148\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u6574\u7406\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u3001\u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u7ec4\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Linux \u662f\u591a\u7528\u6237\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u90fd\u4ee5\u67d0\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u7ec4\u662f\u6743\u9650\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u548c\u67d0\u4e2a\u7ec4\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u80fd\u5426\u8bbf\u95ee\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6743\u9650\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u5bf9\u6211\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4\u7684\u589e\u5220\u6539\u67e5\uff0c\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3001\u5206\u914d\u6743\u9650\u3001\u6392\u67e5\u201cPermission denied\u201d\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7528\u6237\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8\u5728 \/etc\/passwd<\/code>\uff08\u4e0d\u542b\u5bc6\u7801\uff09\uff0c\u5bc6\u7801\u54c8\u5e0c\u5b58\u5728 \/etc\/shadow<\/code>\uff1b\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f\u5728 \/etc\/group<\/code> \u548c \/etc\/gshadow<\/code>\u3002\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u8f91\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u4f46\u63a8\u8350\u7528\u4e13\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u683c\u5f0f\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u7528\u6237\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. \u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 adduser<\/code>\uff08\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u8bbe\u7f6e shell\u3001\u590d\u5236 \/etc\/skel<\/code> \u914d\u7f6e\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

sudo adduser <username><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528 useradd<\/code>\uff08\u5e95\u5c42\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u6307\u5b9a\u5f88\u591a\u9009\u9879\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7528 adduser<\/code> \u66f4\u7701\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. \u67e5\u770b\u7528\u6237\u4fe1\u606f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
id <username><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
uid=1001(alice) gid=1001(alice) groups=1001(alice),1002(devops)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u5e38\u7528\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • id -u<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a UID<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • id -g<\/code>\uff1a\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u4e3b\u7ec4 GID<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • id -G<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u7684 GID<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • id -nG<\/code>\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6240\u5c5e\u7ec4\u7684\u540d\u79f0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    3. \u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    # \u4ec5\u7981\u7528\u8d26\u53f7\uff08\u4fdd\u7559\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u90ae\u4ef6\u6c60\uff09\nsudo deluser <username>\n\n# \u8fde\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u90ae\u4ef6\u6c60\u4e00\u8d77\u5220\u9664\nsudo deluser --remove-home <username>\n\n# \u540c\u65f6\u5220\u9664\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u90ae\u4ef6\u6c60\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u8c28\u614e\uff09\nsudo deluser --remove-all-files <username><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \u6ce8\u610f\uff1adeluser<\/code> \u662f Debian\/Ubuntu \u7cfb\u547d\u4ee4\u3002CentOS\/RHEL \u4f7f\u7528 userdel<\/code>\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a -r<\/code> \u8868\u793a\u5220\u9664\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
    4. \u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    # root \u4fee\u6539\u4efb\u610f\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\nsudo passwd <username>\n\n# \u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u4fee\u6539\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\npasswd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    5. \u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\u5c5e\u6027<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    \u5e38\u7528 usermod<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    # \u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u7ec4\nsudo usermod -g <groupname> <username>\n\n# \u8ffd\u52a0\u7528\u6237\u5230\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4\uff08-aG \u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u8d77\u7528\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u8986\u76d6\u539f\u6709\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4\uff09\nsudo usermod -aG <groupname> <username>\n\n# \u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55 Shell\nsudo usermod -s \/bin\/bash <username>\n\n# \u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\nsudo usermod -d \/new\/home <username>\n\n# \u9501\u5b9a\/\u89e3\u9501\u7528\u6237\u8d26\u53f7\nsudo usermod -L <username>   # \u9501\u5b9a\nsudo usermod -U <username>   # \u89e3\u9501<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e09\u3001\u7ec4\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    1. \u521b\u5efa\u7ec4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    sudo groupadd <groupname>\n\n# \u6307\u5b9a GID\nsudo groupadd -g 2000 <groupname><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    2. \u4fee\u6539\u7ec4\u540d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    sudo groupmod -n <new_groupname> <old_groupname><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    3. \u5220\u9664\u7ec4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    sudo groupdel <groupname><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u7ec4\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u5220\u9664\uff0c\u9700\u5148\u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4e3b\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
    4. \u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237\u5230\u7ec4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    # \u8ffd\u52a0\u5230\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4\uff08\u63a8\u8350\uff09\nsudo usermod -aG <groupname> <username>\n\n# \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 gpasswd\nsudo gpasswd -a <username> <groupname><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    5. \u5c06\u7528\u6237\u4ece\u7ec4\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    sudo gpasswd -d <username> <groupname>\n\n# \u6216\u8005\u7528 deluser\uff08Debian \u7cfb\uff09\nsudo deluser <username> <groupname><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    6. \u67e5\u770b\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    groups <username>\nid <username><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    7. \u67e5\u770b\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    # \u67e5\u770b\u7ec4\u5185\u6210\u5458\ngetent group <groupname>\n\n# \u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\ncat \/etc\/group | grep <groupname><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u56db\u3001\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\/\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    1. \u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u767b\u5f55\u5728\u7ebf\u7684\u7528\u6237<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    who          # \u663e\u793a\u767b\u5f55\u7528\u6237\u3001\u7ec8\u7aef\u3001\u767b\u5f55\u65f6\u95f4\nusers        # \u53ea\u663e\u793a\u7528\u6237\u540d\uff08\u53bb\u91cd\uff09\nw            # \u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\uff1a\u8d1f\u8f7d\u3001\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\nwhoami       # \u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u6709\u6548\u7528\u6237<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    2. \u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    cat \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6bcf\u884c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u540d:\u5bc6\u7801\u5360\u4f4d\u7b26:UID:GID:\u63cf\u8ff0:\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55:\u767b\u5f55Shell<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5e38\u7528\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff1acat \/etc\/passwd | grep \/bin\/bash<\/code> \u67e5\u770b\u53ef\u767b\u5f55\u7528\u6237\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    3. \u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u7ec4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    cat \/etc\/group<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e94\u3001\u4e0e\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7528\u6237\/\u7ec4\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u7b80\u8981\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u867d\u7136\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u5728\u672c\u7bc7\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\/\u7ec4\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    # \u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u4e3b\uff08\u548c\u5c5e\u7ec4\uff09\nsudo chown <new_owner> <file>\nsudo chown <new_owner>:<new_group> <file>\nsudo chown -R <owner>:<group> <directory>   # \u9012\u5f52\n\n# \u4ec5\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u7ec4\nsudo chgrp <new_group> <file>\nsudo chgrp -R <group> <directory><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6743\u9650\u7ba1\u7406\uff08chmod\u3001ACL\u3001setgid\u3001umask\uff09\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\u6211\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u7b14\u8bb0\u300aLinux \u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
    \u516d\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7ec4\u5e76\u6dfb\u52a0\u6210\u5458<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u9700\u6c42<\/strong>\uff1a\u521b\u5efa webapp<\/code> \u7ec4\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237 deploy<\/code> \u548c monitor<\/code> \u5230\u8be5\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5171\u4eab\u76ee\u5f55 \/srv\/webapp<\/code> \u7684\u5c5e\u7ec4\u4e3a webapp<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    # 1. \u521b\u5efa\u7ec4\nsudo groupadd webapp\n\n# 2. \u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u5e76\u52a0\u5165\u7ec4\nsudo adduser deploy\nsudo usermod -aG webapp deploy\n\nsudo adduser monitor\nsudo usermod -aG webapp monitor\n\n# 3. \u521b\u5efa\u5171\u4eab\u76ee\u5f55\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c5e\u7ec4\nsudo mkdir -p \/srv\/webapp\nsudo chown root:webapp \/srv\/webapp\nsudo chmod 2770 \/srv\/webapp   # setgid + rwxrwx---\n\n# 4. \u9a8c\u8bc1\nid deploy\ngroups deploy\nls -ld \/srv\/webapp<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e03\u3001\u901f\u67e5\u8868<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u64cd\u4f5c<\/th>\u547d\u4ee4<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    \u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\uff08\u4ea4\u4e92\uff09<\/td>sudo adduser <username><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\uff08\u4fdd\u7559\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff09<\/td>sudo deluser <username><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\uff08\u8fde\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\uff09<\/td>sudo deluser --remove-home <username><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u4fee\u6539\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801<\/td>sudo passwd <username><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u4fee\u6539\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bc6\u7801<\/td>passwd<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u67e5\u770b\u7528\u6237\u4fe1\u606f<\/td>id <username><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u521b\u5efa\u7ec4<\/td>sudo groupadd <groupname><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u4fee\u6539\u7ec4\u540d<\/td>sudo groupmod -n <\u65b0\u540d> <\u65e7\u540d><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u5220\u9664\u7ec4<\/td>sudo groupdel <groupname><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u6dfb\u52a0\u7528\u6237\u5230\u7ec4<\/td>sudo usermod -aG <group> <user><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u4ece\u7ec4\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u7528\u6237<\/td>sudo gpasswd -d <user> <group><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u67e5\u770b\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7ec4<\/td>groups <user><\/code> \u6216 id <user><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u67e5\u770b\u7ec4\u5185\u6210\u5458<\/td>getent group <groupname><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u67e5\u770b\u5728\u7ebf\u7528\u6237<\/td>who<\/code>\u3001w<\/code>\u3001users<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237<\/td>cat \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u7ec4<\/td>cat \/etc\/group<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u4e3b<\/td>sudo chown <user> <file><\/code><\/td><\/tr>
    \u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u7ec4<\/td>sudo chgrp <group> <file><\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \u516b\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. adduser<\/code> vs useradd<\/code><\/strong>\uff1a\u5728 Debian\/Ubuntu \u4e0a\u4f18\u5148\u7528 adduser<\/code>\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5904\u7406\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55\u3001shell\u3001\u590d\u5236 \/etc\/skel<\/code>\u3002CentOS \u4e0a\u4e60\u60ef\u7528 useradd<\/code> \u52a0 -m<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. usermod -aG<\/code> \u5bb9\u6613\u8e29\u5751<\/strong>\uff1a\u5fd8\u8bb0 -a<\/code> \u4f1a\u8986\u76d6<\/strong>\u539f\u6709\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7528\u6237\u4e22\u5931\u6743\u9650\u3002\u52a1\u5fc5\u5199 -aG<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. \u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237\u524d\u68c0\u67e5<\/strong>\uff1a\u786e\u8ba4\u7528\u6237\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 sudo pkill -u <username><\/code> \u5148\u6740\u6389\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. \u67e5\u770b\u7528\u6237\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e9b\u7ec4<\/strong>\uff1aid<\/code> \u6bd4 groups<\/code> \u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u770b UID\u3001GID\u3001SELinux \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. \u7ec4\u540d\u4e0d\u8981\u8f7b\u6613\u4fee\u6539<\/strong>\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u7ec4\u540d\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5c5e\u7ec4\u8fd8\u662f\u65e7\u7684 GID\uff08\u6570\u5b57\uff09\uff0c\u7528 find \/ -gid <old_gid><\/code> \u67e5\u627e\u5e76\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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